The consequences for agricultural extension services in Punjab and Pakistan of assessing the potential impact of farm-land crimes on technology transfer for small-scale farmers and its mitigating measures

Trespassing on farmland, theft of a farm vehicle, theft of farm equipment, theft of/interference with livestock, and other crimes related to farming are all considered to be "farm crimes." Farm crime may have affected a farming home in more than one way.



The economy is severely harmed by crime, and the general public pays close attention to it. Yet the literature does not do a good job of capturing the relationship between crime and health for both victims and non-victims. We distinguish between the impact on citizens' mental health caused by crime rates in their immediate neighbourhood (local) and crime rates in the neighbouring areas using spatial methods (spatial). The paper's key innovation is the use of these crime rates at a localised level (about 8500 residents) to more accurately interpret changes in local crime patterns and their impacts on an individual's mental wellbeing. In contrast to prior research, this one looked at crime rates in greater geographic areas.

At both the urban and rural levels, electricity is seen as the fundamental component for accelerating the rate of social and economic development. The government of Pakistan is unable to supply all of the urban regions' needs for energy due to the high demand in the urban areas, and this is because the rural areas lack connectivity to the national grid. 

Rural area Food insecurity, mortality, loss of labour force, loss of animals, capital losses along lands, and a consequent increase in urbanisation are all caused by crimes committed by farmers. Farmer disputes have an impact on future generations and cause social upheaval. Farmers frequently differ on issues like irrigation water availability or input shortages. These clashes result in property losses for farmers, and in the worst circumstances, their aggressive behaviour may even result in the death of their opponents. In agro-based sectors, disputes disrupt the flow of goods and services from agricultural output to consumer demand, which lowers the overall GDP of the nation.

Technology transfer (TT), which is an integral aspect of the process of technological innovation, is the process of transferring the findings of scientific and technology research to the marketplace and to a larger segment of society.



Pak, Anton, and Brenda Gannon. "The effect of neighbourhood and spatial crime rates on mental wellbeing." Empirical Economics 64.1 (2023): 99-134.

Malik, Arshad Mahmood, Nigah Hussain, and Nasim Akhter. "Agriculture Labour Supply in Irrigated Plains of Punjab Options for Small Rural Household." Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 38.4 (2022).

Naeem, Abdul, Syed Mushtaq Ahmed Shah, and Ms Fazeela Marri. "Solar Electrification: A Solution For Socio-Economic Development Of Rural Household: Empirical Evidence From District Sibi, Balochistan, Pakistan." Journal of Positive School Psychology (2023): 807-821.

Ashraf, E., Sultan, H. M. A., Sadaf, S., Shurjeel, H. K., Mahmood, K., Iqbal, M., ... & Ali, S. M. (2022). Farmers’ conflicts: threat to environment friendly agricultural technology transfer in Pakistan. Journal of Agriculture and Food, 3 (1), 49-61.

Abbas, T., Muhammad, Y., Raza, S., Nazir, A., & Höreth-Böntgen, D. W. (2014). Some facts and issues related to livestock theft in Punjab province of Pakistan: Findings of series of cases. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 127(1/2), 10-13.

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