The non-kinetic movement of the agriculture extension department is not addressing the problems of farmers all over the world.
Objectives of Extension Teaching Methods
1. Contacting the villagers
2. Cooperating with locals
3. Inspiring the villagers
4. Having an impact on villagers
5. bringing up better techniques to their attention.
6. Getting and keeping their interest
7. Convincing others to adopt better habits
8. To facilitate communication so that the student can see, hear, and participate in the material.
9. To stimulate the action, both mental and physical, that is desired.
10. Providing a framework in which the farmer, farm woman, boy, or girl can see or hear about the concepts that need to be learned and adopted. This involves guiding the learner through one or more stages of the teaching, learning, and adoption process.
11. Involve the villagers in the organization's development.
12. To assist villagers in forming their own organizations.
Background:
Agricultural production (SI) of smallholder cropping systems requires the expansion of sustainable agricultural practises, yet there are numerous obstacles to effective extension (Pretty et al., 2011).This is evident in the gaps between farmer practises and the support provided by extension, when extension offers knowledge and services that may not be consistent with the current agricultural systems (Meijer et al., 2015).Understanding local farming systems and conditions is necessary in order to find and promote sustainable approaches. Under sub-Saharan Africa, where smallholder farmers work in a variety of geographical, climatic, and cultural contexts, contextualising techniques and comprehending local realities are crucial (Aune et al., 2017).
Introduction
Up until recently, the primary agricultural extension method was the linear distribution of input-focused solutions and technology (Koutsouris, 2018; Leeuwis, 2004). This concept treats farmers as a monolithic group, ignoring the variety of demands and concerns they may have. This has tended to marginalise farmer expertise and ignore women's conditions, who make up a significant component of smallholder farming labour, in particular (Farnworth et al., 2015). Participatory research methods, which emphasise farmer knowledge in an effort to buck this historical trend, have drawn a lot of attention and are crucial to the development of sustainable agriculture (Nerbonne & Lentz, 2003; Pretty et al., 2011; Snapp et al., 2002a). Despite this, the predominant technology transfer paradigm remains linear (Neef & Neubert, 2011).
Conflict between nations
2022's Russia-Ukraine conflict On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation began an invasion of Ukraine, intensifying a conflict that has been simmering since Russia acquired Ukraine's Crimean peninsula in 2014.
China and taiwan war 2022
Syria. The second-deadliest conflict of the twenty-first century is the civil war in Syria.
Yemen. Over 20,000 people have died in the civil conflict that is now raging in Yemen
Lebanon. Sudan is at risk of worsening social unrest in the midst of a political and economic crisis. In the midst of rising violence, military factions strengthen their position in Haiti. Colombia: High Risk of Increasing Gang Violence Amid Political Instability. Constant Threat of Increasing Violence Against Civilians.
Financial Crisis worldwide
The year 2022 saw a sharp rise in food costs and a global lack of food supply. Compounding geopolitical and economic crises were the root of the growing crises in various parts of the world. The crises come after the COVID-19 pandemic's food security and financial crises.
Pakistan
Millions of people are still stranded in the open without adequate food or shelter, making them susceptible to an epidemic of diseases like diarrhoea, lung infections, and skin conditions.
At least 128,000 pregnant women in Pakistan, 42,000 of whom are anticipated to give birth within the next three months, are in need of immediate medical attention, according to an estimate made by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) over the weekend.
The government is attempting to offer obstetrics treatment to expectant women, according to Dr. Azra Fazal Pechuho, the health minister of Sindh, the region most severely affected.
Pregnant women are being registered in the relief camps. We want to make sure that these ladies birth safely and that they receive nutritional support and immunizations," she said.
Sudan
Sudan has encountered a variety of challenges in 2022. The military's dismissal of civilian leaders in October 2021 could make peace negotiations with armed groups unstable. Environmental calamities, the recessionary economy, and COVID-19 rules all contribute to inflation.
Syria
The economic situation in Syria is at its worst point since the war started, with record-high food insecurity and rising prices. At the same time, millions of people in northern Syria are experiencing drought-like conditions due to water shortages, endangering already weakened water and health infrastructures. A massive military attack that targets areas not under government control is always a possibility.
Somalia
Despite spending nine years in a row on the Watchlist, Somalia has now entered the Top 10 due to rising political unrest and the potential for new violence. Among the top five internal displacement situations is Somalia. It's anticipated that the drought will get worse.
Myanmar
The events of February 2021 in Myanmar set off a cycle of armed conflict and violence that resulted in numerous new displaced people and a severe humanitarian crisis throughout the nation. Millions are expected to fall into poverty in 2022 as a result of the economic effects of this instability and COVID-19.
Congo
In the eastern provinces of Ituri, North Kivu, and South Kivu, where repeated Ebola outbreaks have stressed a precarious healthcare system, conflict is particularly explosive. Political unrest in Kinshasa might pave the way for bloody conflicts before the general elections in 2023.
Nigeria
Although the conflict and militant activity in northeast Nigeria for more than 12 years have attracted attention from across the world, unrest and insecurity are also spreading to other regions of the nation. Separatist activities in the southeast has escalated into violence, and criminal activity and strife in the northwest have produced a rising humanitarian crisis. In a nation whose population is expected to quadruple by 2050, tensions related to poverty, social exclusion, and climate change are manifested in Nigeria's many security issues.
Yemen
Yemen is no longer at the top of the IRC's Watchlist for the first time in three years, not because the humanitarian situation has improved but rather because crises in other nations are getting worse even faster. Yemenis will have more needs in 2022 because to the severe restrictions on humanitarian access in several locations.
Ethiopia
Ethiopia has moved on the Watchlist due to the effects of climate change, ongoing conflict in the adjacent Amhara and Afar regions, and the ongoing conflict in Tigray. Due to constraints on humanitarian access, the United States estimates that 900,000 people in Tigray are experiencing famine conditions; however, these numbers cannot be independently verified. However, there is no denying that Ethiopia is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which will increase demand for millions of people throughout the nation.
Afghanistan
The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (often referred to as the Taliban) seized power in August 2021. Most non-humanitarian financing was quickly halted by international donors, and assets worth billions of dollars were frozen. The economy has fallen into a downward spiral without this funding. Any attempt by Islamic State Khorasan (IS-K) to benefit from the change in power is likely to result in violence and injury to civilians. Afghanistan is currently experiencing a drought, and a fourth wave of COVID-19 could be on the horizon.
Insufficient information transfer from extension to farmers is frequently used to explain why this type of extension is inefficient (Lukuyu et al., 2012; Niu & Ragasa, 2018; Sekiya et al., 2015). Instead of allowing for the customization of methods to farmers' local conditions and requirements, this approach makes the assumption that the technology being promoted would be effective provided the farmer received all information and resources.
Extension-Teaching Methods
The tools and strategies employed in extension-teaching methods are intended to facilitate communication between extension workers and rural residents. They are techniques for bringing new knowledge and skills to rural populations by attracting their attention, piqueing their interest, and assisting them in successfully implementing the new practise. It is important to have a thorough understanding of various techniques before choosing one for a given task.
Grouping Extended Teaching Techniques
According to use
The use and type of contact of the extension techniques is one approach to categorise them. To put it another way, whether they are used to contact people one-on-one, in groups, or in large numbers. They are categorised into individual, group, and mass-contact approaches depending on the type of contact.
Individual-Contact
Individual-contact method: Extension techniques falling under this category give rural residents and extension workers the chance to interact personally. These techniques perform wonders for imparting new knowledge and building rapport between farmers and extension personnel.
Group-Contact
Group-contact methods: In this category, a group of 20 to 25 people are typically used to contact farmers or people living in rural areas. These organisations are frequently created around a shared interest. These techniques also entail face-to-face interactions with the individuals and offer chances for idea sharing, issue solving, technical advice, and ultimately choosing the best course of action.
Mass and Community Method
An extension worker must approach a wide group of people to disseminate new information and assist them in using it. This strategy is known as the mass or community-contact method. Mass-contact techniques make it easy to accomplish this. These techniques are better at quickly bringing new agricultural technology to the public's attention.
An extension worker must approach a big group of individuals to disseminate fresh knowledge and assist them in using the "mass" or "community-contact" strategy.
Reviews of Agricultural system Research and Development
Reviews of agricultural systems research and extension reveal that local farming context and farmer practise are still generally ignored (Salembier et al., 2018). Although participatory research has emphasised the importance of local farming knowledge, there have been few attempts to systematically incorporate this knowledge source into research and extension systems (Glover, 2007; Snapp et al., 2003). Schindler et al. (2016) analysed farmer and researcher knowledge for a project on improved agricultural practises in central Tanzania, demonstrating the effects of removing farmer knowledge from agricultural research.
The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in underdeveloped nations presents fresh possibilities that could help achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. ICTs have the potential to significantly improve the delivery of public services, including those that are crucial to development (Aker, 2011; Baumüller, 2018; Tata & McNamara, 2018).
Sustainability in Relation to the Provision of Public Services
One of the defining difficulties in providing services in the public agricultural extension services is the field agents' poor accountability (Anderson & Feder, 2004). Lack of effective supervision mechanisms leads to weak upward accountability since it is challenging for supervisors to track and assess the work of several widely scattered field agents. Accordingly, the lack of farmer complaint mechanisms, as well as the top-down, supply-driven, hierarchical management practises that are typical of public bureaucracies, are the main causes of the insufficient downward accountability (Anderson & Feder, 2004; Feder et al., 2010; Paul, 1992).
ICT's Involvement in Agriculture Development
Information and communication technologies are widely recognised as crucial instruments for accelerating development in a variety of economic areas (Heo & Lee, 2019; Ponelis & Holmner, 2015; Roztocki et al., 2019; Walsham & Sahay, 2006). ICTs have been used primarily in two sectors in the agricultural sector, which accounts for a large portion of the economy in most developing nations. They have been used initially to offer guidance on agricultural extension (Cole & Fernando, 2012; Jain et al., 2015; Nakasone et al., 2014).
Educating for Critical Thought
Although the word "problem solving" is used to describe the overall process of searching for and challenging presumptions, it is not a concept that is universally understood. In actuality, it is a debatable notion. The ideology of the user and her disciplinary background are reflected in how the phrase is employed. In fact, there are at least four different intellectual traditions that shape understandings of critical thinking, and these diverge significantly, which may help to explain why so many attempts to teach critical thinking throughout the curriculum are so miserably unsuccessful. These traditions include
(1) Aalytic logic and logic
(2) Natural science
(3) Pragmatism,
(4) Critical theory, roughly in order of their dominance in the language of critical thinking.
The Impact of Extending Teacher Training
Positive changes were seen during the evaluation period, albeit without a direct mention of the training programme from the key informants in QuIP. Lessons learned and the timing, duration, and monitoring of the training extension programme were recorded based on the evaluation's findings. As a result, the study advised evaluating current practises and extension policies on teacher training programmes and other initiatives of a similar nature using evaluability criteria and standards.
Online Learning
Given the lack of geographic restrictions, broadening access to educational opportunities is one of the main potential benefits of online learning over in-person modalities. In brief, a student might possibly acquire material not provided at their local school through an online course. According to Goodman et al. (2019), Georgia Tech's online master's programme in computer science significantly increased enrolment in higher education, providing chances for students who might not have otherwise sought a degree in person. However, given the well-documented unequal distribution of highly effective teachers (Boyd et al., 2005; Lankford et al., 2002) due to teachers' tendency to sort into residential communities where fewer low-income students reside, this concept has received little attention in the K–12 arena but likely has significant implications for equity.
Conclusion
There are extension workers working hard to protect the people from them because of the conflict, crises, and many natural disasters that are occurring worldwide.The floods have destroyed or harmed at least 18,000 schools, agricultural crops, and soil. In neighbourhoods where one-third of girls and boys were already not in school prior to the crisis, children once again run the risk of greater learning interruption after two years of pandemic school closures. Skin conditions, respiratory infections, and illnesses brought on by contaminated water have already been reported. Local adaptation of farming practises necessitates flexible extension networks that foster the sharing of local expertise. Due to the worldwide conflicts, crises, and numerous natural disasters, there are extension workers working hard to safeguard the people from them.
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